Fulfilling Obligations: A gender transformative framework for enhanced prevention of gender-based violence at a university in Zimbabwe

Authors

  • Efiritha Chauraya Midlands State University, Zimbabwe

Abstract

Gender-based violence is a global phenomenon, and institutions of higher learning are not spared of the scourge the world over. In Zimbabwe, despite the considerable attention and increasing awareness of gender-based violence, the vice is on the rise. The contribution of this study is the gender-transformative framework it suggests can curb the menace. A Zimbabwe university formed the locus of this study. A qualitative approach was employed because the intention was to capture and concentrate on the participants’ opinions, attitudes, feelings, and emotions on the high prevalence of the scourge and from that, an evidence-guided
the framework that can mitigate, remedy, and prevent gender-based violence was proposed. The primary method for soliciting information from the participants was the in-depth face-to-face interview. In the study, 23 interviews were conducted with the Dean of students, three student leaders, the Registrar, and 18 students. A qualitative thematic analysis of the interview data was undertaken, and results revealed that although the university had crafted some measures and mechanisms to deal with the menace, the stumbling block was unsuccessful implementation. A gender-responsive multi-pronged framework was innovatively proffered to
strengthen implementation initiatives so that the vice is combated

Author Biography

Efiritha Chauraya, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe

The Executive Director, Midlands State University Gender Institute

References

Ajdukovic, D., Car, I., Paivinen, H., Sala- Bubare, A., Vall, B. and Husso, M. 2021. Building capacity for prevention of gender-based violence in the school context. Frontiers in Psychology, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021720034.

Akram, M.; Laila, U. and Amiri, A. 2020. The relationship between education and gender-based violence. doi:10.13140/RG2.2.34469.73442. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344771918_The_Relationship_Between_Education_and_Genderbased_Violence.

Belsky, J. 1980. Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35, 320-335.

Beyene, S. A., Chojenta, C. Shore, H., Melka, S. A. and Loxton, D. 2019. Gender-based violence among female youths in educational institutions of Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-0969-9.

Blau, P. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Bronfenbrenner, U. 1979. The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Bystrynski, J. and Allen. N.E. 2017. Sexual misconduct and perceived campus response survey. University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign. https://wecare.illinois.edu/docs/SMPCresponse_exe_summary.pdf.

Chawiyah, R.; Onkware, K.; Koteng, G. and Ocholla, A. A. 2017. Effectiveness of institutional frameworks in curbing gender-based violence in selected public universities in Kenya. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 3(7), 967-974.

Connell, R.W. 2002. Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.

The Constitution of Zimbabwe, 2013

Dhlomo, T., Mugweni, R., Shoniwa, G., Maunganidze, L., and Sodi, S. 2012. Perceived sexual harassment among female students at a Zimbabwean institution of higher learning. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 22(2), 269-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2012.10820529.

Donaldson, A., McCarry, M. and McCullough, A. 2017. Preventing gender-based violence in UK universities. https://core.ac.uk/download/84146725.pdf

Dube, T., Ncube, S. B. and Mlotshwa, S. 2021. Perceptions of sexual harassment and drivers of reporting in two higher learning institutions in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 18(3), 284-299.

Fredrickson, B. L. and Roberts, T. 1997. Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.

Gardner, S. and Johnson, P. 2010. Sexual harassment in healthcare: Strategies for employers. Hospital Topics, 79(4), 5-11. https://doi.

org/10.1080/00185860109597912.

Gill, R. and Febbraro, A. 2013. Experiences and perceptions of sexual harassment in the Canadian force combat arms. Violence Against Women, 19(2), 269-287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213478140.

Goldner, V. 2018. Sexual Harassment: Seeking the Pleasures of “Consent” Under Duress. Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 19(4), 235-240. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/15240657.2018.1531513.

Gukurume, S. 2022. Transactional Relationships Within a University Campus in Zimbabwe. The Oriental Anthologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man, 22(1). https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0972558X211033374.

Heise, L. L. 1998. Violence against women: An integrated ecological framework. Violence Against Women, 4(3), 262-290.

Kapila, P. (2017). Theoretical Perspectives to Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Innovation, 6(9), 32-35. https://ijhssi.org/v6(9)/version-4/F0609043235.pdf.

Leach, F. 2013. Corruption as abuse of power: Sexual violence in educational institutions. In, G. Sweeney. K., Desporta, and Lindner S, Transparency International, Global Corruption Report: Education, pp 88-98. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

Lliyasu, Z., Abubokar, S. I., Aliyu, H. M., Galadanci, H. S. and Salihu, M. H. 2011. Prevalence and correlates of gender-based violence among female university students in Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 15(3), 111-119z. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41762351.

Makhene, A. 2022. Gender-based violence in higher education: An integrative review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 10(3). Doi; 10.4236/jss.2022.103017.

Mapuranga, B., Musoda, B. and Tom, T. 2015. Sexual harassment of female employees at a state university in Zimbabwe. Developing Country Studies, 5(12), 25-30.

Mashininga, K. 2021. 22 July. Sexual harassment to be criminalized to protect students, University World News Africa Education, https://www.universityworldnews.com

Mawere, D. and Seroto, J. 2022. Academic contra power sexual harassment in public universities in Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Education, 36(1). https://www.dx.doi.org/10.20853/36-1-4515.

Mays, N. and Pope, C. 2020. Synthesising qualitative research. In C. Pope and N. Mays (eds) Qualitative Research in Health Care (pp 151-168). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Merriam, S. B. 2009. Qualitative Research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Millet, K. (2017). Sexual Politics, Catedra: Madrid, Spain.

Molla, T. and Cuthbert, D. (2014). Qualitative inequality: Experiences of women in Ethiopian higher education. Gender and Education, 26(7), 759-775. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2014.970614.

Moyo, S. (2022). Rampant sexual harassment at tertiary institutions. The Chronicle, 10 May 2022.

Mukeredzi, T. (2019). Calls for practical steps to end campus sexual violence. University World News Africa Education, Zimbabwehttps://www.universityworldnews.com.

Mutinta, G. (2022). Gender-based violence among female students and implications for health intervention programmes in public universities in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Cogent Social Sciences, 8 (1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2079212.

Namaganda, A., Ssali, S. and Bisaso, R. (2021). Examining the barriers to reporting sexual harassment in universities. International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 8(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0801002.

Ndawi, O. P. (2006). Sexual harassment in institutions of higher learning. A shadow report on the solemn declaration on gender in Africa, prepared for FAWE. https://fasng.org/asserts/files/publications/shadow%20report.

Ohio State University. (2017). Campus climate survey on sexual misconduct. Ohio State University.

Okodugha, G. and Adewole, M. E. (2021). Perception of Lectures and students on sexual harassment in tertiary institutions in Edo State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education, 11(5), 30-38. https://www.iosrjournals.org.

Orfan, S. N., Ibrahimi, F. and Noori, A. Q. (2002). Sexual harassment of higher education female students in Afghanistan: A case study. Issues in Educational Research, 32(2), 659-680. https://www.iier.org.au>iier32>orfan

Phipps, A. (2020). Reckoning up: Sexual harassment and violence in the neoliberal university. Gender and Education, 32(2), 227-243. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/0954025.2018.1482413.

Public Service Act, 2000.

Singh, S., Mabaso, B., Mudaly, R. and Singh-Pillay, A. (2016). Policy for prevention of sexual assault on campus: Higher education students’ perspectives. Alternation Journal, 23(1),113-134. https://journals.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/soa/article/view/1342.

Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp.443-466). City: Sage Publication Ltd.

Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative Research: Studying how things work. New York: Guilford Press.

Sundaresh, N. and Hemalatha, K. (2013). Theoretical orientation to sexual harassment at the workplace. Journal of Business Management and Social Science Research, 2(4), 74-81.

Szymanski, M. D., Moffitt, B. L and Carr, R. E. (2011). Sexual objectification of women: Advances to theory and research. The Counselling Psychologist, 39(1), 6-38.

Trent, A. and Chao, J. (2014). Interpretation strategies: Appropriate concepts. In P. Leavy (ed) The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, (pp 639-658). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

UNICEF, 2013. Annual Report on the Implementation o the UNICEF Gender Action Plan. UNICEF Executive Board Annual Session, 16-19 June 2015.UNGEI. 92015). School-related gender-based violence is preventing the achievement of quality education for all. https://www.ungei.org

United Nations. (1993). Vienne Conference on Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org.

Vilades, G. T. (2010). Arrested Justice: The multifaceted plight of immigrant Latinas who faced Domestic Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 25(6), 533-544. https://www.proquest.com/docview/603601265,

Warton, G. and Moore, G. (2022). Gender-based Violence at Higher Education Institutions in South Africa. Report prepared for the Safety and Violence Initiative. https://www.saferspaces.org.za.

Watts, C. and Zimmerman, C. (2002). Violence against women: global scope and magnitude. Lancet, 359(9313), 1232-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08221-1.

Yin, R. (2018). Case study research and applications: design and methods (6th ed). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Zimbabwe Labour Act (28.01).

Zindi, F. (1994). Sexual harassment in Zimbabwe’s institutions of higher learning. Zambezia, 21(2),177 - 186. https://doi.org/10.10520/AJA03790622_122.

Downloads

Published

2023-06-12

Issue

Section

Research Articles